Sense data
To be able to describe sense data are there a few ground rules that needs to be established. First of all must we question all “knowledge” we possess, one example of that is the shape of the earth. Even though all research today points towards the fact that the earth is round, how can we really know and accept that if we only lived in one place during whole our lives? Secondly must we accept that people experience what can be perceived as “the same thing” differently. If ten people watch a table and try to estimate it’s colour, will the estimation depend on what previous experience everyone has and what light and angle everyone stands in. The end result can surprisingly be that all those ten people will state ten different colours. To better handle these problems and kinds of questions Bertrnad Russel introduced the term “Sense data”. Sense data are object whose existence, form, sounds, smells, hardness, roughness, colour and shape are dependent to how we perceive them in our mind and what we believe to be true.
Proposition & Statement of fact
Russel argues in his text about how people can make different kinds of expressions and comments depending on their background knowledge. If someone makes a statement regarding a subject that he doesn’t know anything more about than just a description, that statement will probably be pretty stiff and only regarding the actual subject. But if that person knows the subject by heart and has personal experience from it, the statement can be involving and not only include the actual fact, but to include personal opinions and an analysis. Further does Russel talk about propositions and if it’s used right, the implementations behind an effective proposition. A proposition can be used to describe a certain statement, in a way that either clarifies and makes it more understanding, or in a way that confuses a situation to the worse. Hence is the power of the proposition huge, and it’s important to understand what it can express. Russels has defined a proposition containing a description as the following: “Every proposition which we can understand must be composed wholly of constituents with which we are acquainted.”
Definite description
According to Russel is a definite description a phrase that is singular and determined. And even though people makes assumptions, which first can seem to be obvious, doesn’t those assumptions necessarily have to be true. If we say “Americas president is fond of guns”, is the first assumption that the phrase is towards president Obama, but that might not be the case because the sentence lacks a clear proposition. Without a definite description can this statement mean anyone of Obama and his 43 previous American presidents. This problem can be avoided if the sentence you intend to communicate uses a clear definite description, furthermore will this lead to less misleading interpretation. According to Russel is it possible to exchange common words or names to a definite description during a statement, and as long as this is done properly under consideration of the pitfalls described above can it be an effective tool. It’s important not to lose focus from the exchange word or name during the whole expression, than the intended truth can concur and falsehood can be avoided
Traditional problems in the theory of knowledge
Russel talks about knowledge in general and how we people deal with what we define as knowledge. In a scenario where there is a quiz and the question of which letter the presidents name begins with suppose that one of the participants guesses “O”, because he thought it was O’Neal. The final answer is correct, the name of the president of the USA begins with the letter “O”, but since he thought it was O’Neal and not Obama, can we really say that his answer is connected to knowledge? Is it really knowledge if the reasoning is completely off but the final answer happens to be right? Russel doesn’t think so, what he tries to say is that it’s hard to define knowledge, and that everything isn’t as black and white as it seems at first. Further is it a difference between beliefs and knowledge, mainly because belief is subjective, and according to Russels doesn’t that count as knowledge, since it doesn’t come from an objective thought. But the complexity doesn’t stop there; even knowledge can be divided even further. Russel separates knowledge in two category, which is depends on how that knowledge is gained. If it’s obtained by description, something that you read or heard, or obtained by acquaintance, something that you learned by sense-data.
To be able to describe sense data are there a few ground rules that needs to be established. First of all must we question all “knowledge” we possess, one example of that is the shape of the earth. Even though all research today points towards the fact that the earth is round, how can we really know and accept that if we only lived in one place during whole our lives? Secondly must we accept that people experience what can be perceived as “the same thing” differently. If ten people watch a table and try to estimate it’s colour, will the estimation depend on what previous experience everyone has and what light and angle everyone stands in. The end result can surprisingly be that all those ten people will state ten different colours. To better handle these problems and kinds of questions Bertrnad Russel introduced the term “Sense data”. Sense data are object whose existence, form, sounds, smells, hardness, roughness, colour and shape are dependent to how we perceive them in our mind and what we believe to be true.
Proposition & Statement of fact
Russel argues in his text about how people can make different kinds of expressions and comments depending on their background knowledge. If someone makes a statement regarding a subject that he doesn’t know anything more about than just a description, that statement will probably be pretty stiff and only regarding the actual subject. But if that person knows the subject by heart and has personal experience from it, the statement can be involving and not only include the actual fact, but to include personal opinions and an analysis. Further does Russel talk about propositions and if it’s used right, the implementations behind an effective proposition. A proposition can be used to describe a certain statement, in a way that either clarifies and makes it more understanding, or in a way that confuses a situation to the worse. Hence is the power of the proposition huge, and it’s important to understand what it can express. Russels has defined a proposition containing a description as the following: “Every proposition which we can understand must be composed wholly of constituents with which we are acquainted.”
Definite description
According to Russel is a definite description a phrase that is singular and determined. And even though people makes assumptions, which first can seem to be obvious, doesn’t those assumptions necessarily have to be true. If we say “Americas president is fond of guns”, is the first assumption that the phrase is towards president Obama, but that might not be the case because the sentence lacks a clear proposition. Without a definite description can this statement mean anyone of Obama and his 43 previous American presidents. This problem can be avoided if the sentence you intend to communicate uses a clear definite description, furthermore will this lead to less misleading interpretation. According to Russel is it possible to exchange common words or names to a definite description during a statement, and as long as this is done properly under consideration of the pitfalls described above can it be an effective tool. It’s important not to lose focus from the exchange word or name during the whole expression, than the intended truth can concur and falsehood can be avoided
Traditional problems in the theory of knowledge
Russel talks about knowledge in general and how we people deal with what we define as knowledge. In a scenario where there is a quiz and the question of which letter the presidents name begins with suppose that one of the participants guesses “O”, because he thought it was O’Neal. The final answer is correct, the name of the president of the USA begins with the letter “O”, but since he thought it was O’Neal and not Obama, can we really say that his answer is connected to knowledge? Is it really knowledge if the reasoning is completely off but the final answer happens to be right? Russel doesn’t think so, what he tries to say is that it’s hard to define knowledge, and that everything isn’t as black and white as it seems at first. Further is it a difference between beliefs and knowledge, mainly because belief is subjective, and according to Russels doesn’t that count as knowledge, since it doesn’t come from an objective thought. But the complexity doesn’t stop there; even knowledge can be divided even further. Russel separates knowledge in two category, which is depends on how that knowledge is gained. If it’s obtained by description, something that you read or heard, or obtained by acquaintance, something that you learned by sense-data.
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